- creates a negative stigma. Found inside – Page 229... with a critical analysis of these arguments against affirmative action. ... the middle class, it should be noted that the United States is a class-based ... Right now almost half of Harvard students come from families making over $200,000 a year; if they took economic diversity seriously, they'd have to send nine tenths of those kids home. These are the qualities that we need to foster for all students in science and engineering,” said Shirley M. Malcolm, head of Education and Human Resources Programs at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at a briefing on the case earlier this week hosted by the American Educational Research Association. Choose your membership level: IDEAS, POLITICS & POWER, Copyright 2021 | The American Prospect, Inc. | All Rights Reserved, The Alt-Labor Chronicles: America’s Worker Centers, Class-Based Affirmative Action Is Not the Answer. Next, he seized upon the intervenors’ arguments about racial bias in standardized tests to offer the University a … It is important that we learn to live in a pluralistic world, learning to … Economic diversity is just as irrelevant to actual equality as racial diversity has been. Stamping all minority students with badges of inferiority by assuming they lack qualifications is racial discrimination.”. It can serve as a reverse discrimination. All rights reserved. He received over … Arguments against affirmative action often center around Asian Americans as a way to criticize the policy as being harmful toward a minority group. Others argue that we should expect to see equality of outcomes with respect to relevant social groups. All contents © 2021 The Slate Group LLC. Found inside – Page 148As it pertains to Affirmative Action , justice has the good fortune to be based ... after several hundred years of classbased discrimination against Negroes ... Affirmative Action. In fairness, Friedersdorf spends more time on diversity and what it means for racial preferences in admissions. Which in turn has made both the advantage of going to truly elite schools and the exclusion of the poor (i.e. Affirmative action, he argues, doesn’t reflect the diversity of today’s America where some minorities—Asians in particular—are potentially disadvantaged by existing racial preferences. Class based affirmative action would therefore favor whites over blacks, Latinos, and most Asians, which is what racist critics of affirmative action desire. The argument in the case where affirmative action is considered to allow for fair evaluation of candidates is well used as a preferential treatment. Yet, the arguments of those who invoke science mismatch in making a case against affirmative action rest on one or both propositions. Connerly's encounters with the great and near great ranging from Jesse Jackson and Al Gore to Bill Clinton and Rupert Murdoch illuminate this book that has been praised by writers such as Shelby Steele. Race-conscious admissions practices remain necessary in the fight for racial equity in higher education. None of this is to say that we shouldn’t have class-based affirmative action. Middlebury welcomed two scholars to debate whether affirmative action in higher education should be class-based or race-based on Wednesday, Nov. 20. But although Asian Americans are often portrayed as opposing race conscious affirmative action, 69 percent of Asian American and Pacific Islanders registered to vote in California support the policy. Today, only about 20 percent of jobs require a four-year degree; in 2020, that number will grow, but only to 20.5 percent. “Wouldn’t it be easier,” he writes, “to end legacy admissions, pressure colleges to subsidize test prep, and give all poor kids a boost when they apply to state universities?”. Unfortunately, in their arguments against race-based affirmative action, neither David Frum nor Conor Friedersdorf (both of the Atlantic) seems to countenance that fact. Found inside – Page 186Those who argue against affirmative action on consequentialist grounds usually ... These thinkers argue that such class-based affirmative action is not only ... Given the growing diversity of the United States, class is the most relevant concern, and we need policies that explicitly address class disadvantage. Since then inequality has grown everywhere, but the U.S. has emerged as the uncontested champion; in 1978, the top decile of Americans earned about 33 percent of all income, in 2011 it was more like 48 percent. Instead of granting certain ethnic minorities reduced tuition or other benefits, maybe Affirmative Action can be reformed so that lower-class people are the ones receiving benefits, regardless of race. In 1972, affirmative action became an inflammatory public issue. The group of hundreds of students and graduates of (mostly) for-profit colleges are doing the hard work of forming a class-based identity around debt as opposed to work or income. Found inside – Page xxivI explain why I support race-based remedial affirmative action, in addition to gender- and class-based policies, and why I am not an advocate of color ... As a result of this case, the University of Michigan and the University of Michigan Law School established two separate admissions policies, which they believed to be consitituional based on the Bakke ruling. Which isn't to say that anti-discrimination is, in itself, bad; it's to say instead that it's not in itself good, or at least not good enough. Richard D. Kahlenberg is a senior fellow and Halley Potter is a policy associate at The Century Foundation. And the state's median household income was $48,669. Choosing notebook pages with lots of space, or using mark-up options in electronic files, will allow you to add comments when you review and revise your notes after class. As Deborah Archer, director of the Racial Justice Project and professor at New York Law School, explained last week in a debate about whether racial preference in admissions is provided for in the equal protection clause, that stigma is not actually related to affirmative action itself. If white students treat students of color as undeserving of attending selective colleges, that is the fault of racist attitudes, not of race conscious affirmative action policies, which only consider race as one of many factors for admission. It seems a bit insincere to argue that although these other factors are acceptable as part of the larger decision making process — including legacy admissions, which perpetuates class inequality — race is not. poor kids who are good at math) really is the thing we care about, the gains in social justice will remain minimal. If universities are trying to keep the number of Asian students low, that’s a negative action — not affirmative action. Arguments against affirmative action ... America's poor population is disproportionately made up of people of color, so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help people of color. Anti Affirmative Action Argument 1152 Words | 5 Pages. Not all Asian and Asian American students have access to high quality of education … In particular, Cambodian students, Laotian students do not fare as well academically as Korean students or Japanese students, or Chinese students.”. Critical Racists’ Theory presumes diversity [dogma] (i.e. Consider class alone, and you’ll miss this entirely. So the question of whether our elites are insufficiently composed of people whose parents are black and Hispanic has been supplemented by the question of whether they're also insufficiently composed of people whose parents are working class. 1. What the dispute's about, in other words, is what color the elite will be and whether or not a few more of them will come from working class families, not about how to diminish the gap between them and everybody else. However, the ideal of meritocracy often escapes critical investigation. Some, for example, are experimenting with “class-based” affirmative action in which weight is given to the socioeconomic background of applicants. In fact, the debate over affirmative action has never had anything to do with reducing inequality; it's always been about justifying it. Linux manual pages: alphabetic list of all pages. - perpetuates a society based on race. These essays, with one exception originally published in Philosophy & Public Affairs, consider the moral problems associated with improving the social and economic position of disadvantaged groups. Our membership levels offer a range of perks including an opt-in to receive the print magazine by mail. "Introduction to Ethics: Arguments for and against Affirmative Action" paper states that the immigrants and the economic sub-class of the people were seen as different from the natives and hence Affirmative Action was formulated to overcome the discrimination within the … They will deploy these same claims against class-based programs. But those are the jobs there are and will be. Analyzes the progression of affirmative action programs from their inception as a means of redressing a historical imbalance to their current application for achieving diversity Affirmative action grew out of the 1960s quest for equal ... Although opponents of race conscious affirmative action insist that socioeconomic factors work as a proxy of race, there is extensive research proving how inaccurate that assumption is. class-based affirmative action tells a wholly unfulfilling story about why racial minorities are, and ought to be, at these institutions. But, according to social scientists, their rationale is misleading at best and inaccurate at worst. Middlebury welcomed two scholars to debate whether affirmative action in higher education should be class-based or race-based on Wednesday, Nov. 20. Like his colleague, Frum cites the browning of America as one reason to re-evaluate the commitment to racial preferences. The Case Against Affirmative Action By Louis P. Pojman. However, opponents to this system have never had the interests of Asian Americans in mind. As sociologist Patrick Sharkey puts it, “blacks and whites inhabit such different neighborhoods that it is not possible to compare the economic outcomes of black and white children who grow up in similarly disadvantaged neighborhoods.” The same goes for low-income Asian-Americans, who just don’t experience this level of concentrated poverty. Arguments against affirmative action Affirmative action has been the subject of numerous court cases, where it is often contested on constitutional grounds. Opponents of race conscious affirmative action argue that because black and Hispanic students experience segregation that provides them with a lower quality education, they can’t possibly compete at a selective university. New York: W.W. Norton. In fact, students are admitted to selective universities based on many considerations that have nothing to do with test scores or grades — such as their athletic record, their extracurricular activities, their enthusiasm about the school, whether their parents or grandparents attended the school, known as “legacy,” and any of their character traits that the university believes exemplifies the kind of student they want on campus. The commonest argument used against affirmative action, which in the Indian context has essentially meant reservations, is that it lowers the quality of output, i.e. The persistence of residential segregation yields a world where the vast majority of blacks (including those in the middle-class) live in areas with higher crime rates, worse schools, and lower property values than their white counterparts. A separate section will include a close analysis on the issue of affirmative action in higher education. Although race and income often overlap, there would still be few students of color admitted to colleges through such a system to represent any kind of meaningful diversity because the majority of low-income applicants considered would still be white. More arguments against Pro-Minority Affirmative Action: ... "Conservative commentator Dr. Thomas Sowell identified some negative results of race-based affirmative action in his book, 'Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study.' Frum does the same. In fact, research shows the opposite is true, with students of color being better off the more selective the university is. Cohen and Sterba, two contemporary philosophers in sharp opposition, debate the value of affirmative action and racial preference. “In fact, those who argue that race conscious admissions programs should be banned because they stigmatize minority students are part of the problem. The problem is not unequal access to the elite; it's the very idea of the elite. color judgment), a class-based social construct, not limited to racism, sexism, ageism (e.g. But if Asian Americans have long resisted being recruited to their cause, this latest campaign has a new wrinkle. And indeed, there is no enforceable law that could deprive such a constitutional government of its legitimacy and legality. The traditional argument against need-based affirmative action — that it will decimate the ranks of racial minorities on campus — ain’t necessarily so. Included among the essays are case studies of race-exclusive scholarships, housing policies, and the Head Start program. December 5, 2019. Students of color will be treated as undeserving. Keith, Verna and Cedric Herring. Diversity isn’t valuable enough to students to justify upholding the policy. After limitations were placed on race conscious affirmative action in cases such as the 1978 Regents of The University of California v. Bakke case and 2003 Grutter v. Bollinger case, race is allowed to be considered as one of many factors in a holistic review. And when minorities misbehave, like the Uyghurs did, Chinese state is brutal to them. “Affirmative Action”: Remedial Use of Racial Classifications Of critical importance in equal protection litigation is the degree to which government is permitted to take race or another suspect classification into account when formulating and implementing a remedy to overcome the effects of past discrimination. ALL YOUR PAPER NEEDS COVERED 24/7. After all, the whole point of anti-discrimination is not to make people less poor but only to make sure that their poverty is not an effect of racism or sexism-to make sure that the average worker at, say, Wal-Mart, earns only 1/523rd as much as the CEO not because she's black or a woman but because she's only 1/523rd as valuable as the CEO. In other words, the reason both affirmative action and education matter in the way they do is not because they solve the problem we actually have but because they conceal it. policies. In other words, anti-discrimination is a class project as well. You will stay engaged with the best and brightest political and public policy reporting and analyses, and help keep this website free from paywalls and open for all to read. But even though racism against blacks and Latinos remains a real issue in American society (the idea that whites are also its victims is a joke the Supreme Court has never gotten), the fundamental inequalities in American life today-the rich getting richer while the poor get poorer-are not produced by discrimination and cannot be resolved by anti-discrimination. Race-based affirmative action degrades meritocracy by introducing a factor to the admissions process … Genetic data indicating the ‘biological nonexistence of race’ and that ‘all Brazilians are mestiços’ were used in arguments against race-based affirmative action Found inside – Page 170If you're going to argue that race-based affirmative action goes against the “merit” ... Third, anti—affirmative action leaders who support the “class-based ... And if we want to deal with inequality writ large, well, there’s an agenda for that too. Hence the call for racial diversity to be replaced by economic diversity, to move, as Bill Keller says in the New York Times, "from race to class.". - they often suffer as a result. But the most compelling research that rebuts this claim shows that although three-fourths of college students in states barring race conscious admissions dealt with stereotype threat, less than half of students in schools with race conscious admissions felt the same way, according to a 2010 Seattle University School of Law paper. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 2003. The supporters of affirmative action, in other words, want the oligarchy that runs and owns the U.S. to be (in the old Jesse Jackson tradition) a rainbow oligarchy (yay Obama!). “What our opponents are arguing tonight is that what some students say in random conversations in and outside campus classrooms might be so insightful, and so unlikely and difficult to be learned in any other way besides these random conversations, that it is worth denying admission to some white and Asian American students because of their race so that other white and Asian American students might hear these random observations,” Clegg said. It’s why, as Nikole Hannah-Jones reported for ProPublica last year, “many scholars say race remains so powerful a factor that a class-based system would seriously reduce black and Latino representation at American colleges from their current levels.”. We would have made the inequality of education go away but left inequality itself undiminished. Found inside – Page 106Gays, Lesbians, and the Failure of Class-Based Equal Protection Evan Gerstmann ... antidiscrimination laws and the argument against affirmative action (in ... Class, Race, Gender, and Crime: The social realities of justice in America Blue text will represent an argument against race-based affirmative action, and the regular black text will represent advocating for. Thus helen thomas essay argument affirmative action topic calls for cultural processes both create the insecurity. Their affirmative action programmes are directed to mostly sinicized, almost undistinguishable, minorities. Maintained by Center for American Progress - Action Fund. How race and class collide at a prestigious liberal arts college. 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